Patents
Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel
Chemist, Inventor, Awesome Administrator, Social Reformer.
“It could and should soon come to pass that all states pledge themselves collectively to attack an aggressor. That would make war impossible, and would force even the most brutal and unreasonable Power to appeal to a court of arbitration, or else keep quiet.”
Wikipedia. Painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Richard F. Heck Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010
Nobel co-recipients: Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki
Physical organic chemist. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Sole author – 7 consecutive papers. Heck reaction: important concept, tool for organic and medicinal chemists; fuorescence labeling of DNA bases – sequencing DNA/Genome. Thinner computer screens in future. “Great art in test tube.”
Growing orchids in early teens lead to passion for chemistry.
nobelprize.org. Painting
Tim Tompkins –
PaintHistory.com
Ei-ichi Negishi
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010
Nobel Co recipients Richard F. Heck, Akira Suzuki
Organic Chemist. Inventor of organozinc variant of the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Read voraciously including “how to …” publications. Dreamt of Nobel half century prior to being awarded prize. Upon arriving in US and discovering Nobelists visiting UPenn, realized that being awarded the Nobel could happen to anybody including himself.
Painting Tim Tompkins
Painthistory.com
Charles Kao Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006
Co-nobelist: Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith
Prize motivation: “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication.”
Willard Boyle Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006
Co-nobelists: Charles K. Kao, George E. Smith
Prize motivation: “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor.”
Foundation
Mario R. Capecchi Ph.D. 
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007
Nobel co-recipients: Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies
National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001
Molecular Geneticist. Introduced specific gene modifications in mice by using embryonic stem cells. Gene Targeting, Homeobox Genes, Development, Behavior.
Mother incarcerated as political prisoner, Germany. “At age 4½, I set off on my own, living in streets, orphanages; joining gangs of homeless children; generally hungry. Vivid recollections, brutal beyond description.”
Hoefner, Wiki.
George Smoot Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006
Co-nobelist: John C. Mather
Prize motivation: “for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.”
Theodor Hansch Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005
Co-nobelists: Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall
Prize motivation: “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.”
– PaintHistory.com
Paul C. Lauterbur Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003
Nobel Co-recipient Sir Peter Mansfield
The President’s National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1987
The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1988
Chemist. Magnetic resonance imaging.
“Every great idea in history has the red stamp of rejection on its face. If you scratch any innovation’s surface, you’ll find the scars: they’ve been roughed up and thrashed around by the masses and the leading minds before they made it into your life.”
Wolfgang Ketterle
Wolfgang Ketterle Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001
Nobel co-recipients Eric A. Cornell, Carl E. Wieman
Physicist – Atomic Physics. Hobbies: Running, Bicycling.
“…the quest for pure knowledge and the pursuit of goals which are only vaguely defined and change as the research progresses… I didn’t anticipate that the best was still to come”.
Painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Jack S. Kilby Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000
Co-nobelists Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer
Prize: “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.
Louis J. Ignarro Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998
Nobel co-recipients: Robert F. Furchgott and Ferid Murad
Molecular & Medical Pharmacologist
While testifying before Congress in 2000, Ignarro remarked: “Only in America could the son of an uneducated carpenter receive the Nobel Prize in Medicine.”
Vinton Cerf. Painting
Tim Tompkins –
PaintHistory.com
Vinton Cerf Ph.D.
National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1997
One of two Fathers of the Internet. TCP/IP protocols. Internet Architecture. Chief Internet Evangelist, Google. Interplanetary Internet. Living Legend.
,em>”Brilliant, indescribably enthusiastic, humorous, happy, treats people extremely well. It would be nice to go to work every day and work with people like Vint Cerf.” – R.V. Nagaveni, Founder, Ganga Library.
Wikipedia
Frederick Reines B.S. (Mechanical Engineering), Ph.D. (Physics)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995
National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1983
Nobel co-recipient Martin L. Perl
Award: “for the detection of the neutrino”
at Harvard. Creator: Trvthchem
personal photo. 19 Nov 2007.
Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Elias James Corey Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990
Organic Chemist – Interested in application of organic chemistry to human health. His groups have achieved a multitude of total syntheses of complex molecules. Originator of retrosynthetic analysis. Recognized as “Most Cited Author in Chemistry” by American Chemical Society in 2002.
“Organic chemistry was especially fascinating with its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health.”
Assoc/Wikipedia
Henry W. Kendall Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990
Co-nobelist Jerome I. Friedman, Richard E. Taylor
Award: “for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”
von Dobschutz. Painting
Tim Tompkins PaintHistory.com
Jack Steinberger Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988
National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1988 USA
Co-Nobelist: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz
Physicist, Cosmologist, Astrophysicist. Hobbies: Playing the Flute, Tennis, Mountaineering, Sailing.
To Ganga Library founder on 3 Aug 2014, “I have used your questions to me as an incentive to prepare a list of my publications”.
Gertrude B. Elion M.S.[Chemistry]
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988
Co-Nobelists: Sir James W. Black, George H. Hitchings
National Medal of Science – Chemistry 1991
Chemist, Pharmacologist. Discovered principles for drug treatment; developed drugs – anticancer, immunosuppressive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-gout, anti-malarial. Purines.
“I was a child with an insatiable thirst for knowledge. My beloved grandfather died of cancer when I was 15. I was highly motivated to discover a cure for this terrible disease”.
Federal Archives, Wiki.
Jean-Marie Lehn Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987
Nobel co-recepients Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pedersen
Chemist. Interests: Supramolecular chemistry, Self-assembly and self-organization, Constitutional dynamic chemistry; Music, Philosophy.
Founding director, ‘Chemistry, a European Journal’. Gave starting impetus to other European journals, rare manifestation of European spirit and supranationality bridging historical divides!
President, International Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development, helping chemists in developing countries.
Painting: Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory,com
Robert Merrifield Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984
Award: “for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix”
Painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Herbert C Brown Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979
The President’s National Medal of Sciences – Physical Sciences, 1969
Nobel co-recipient Georg Wittig
Organic Chemist. Development of use of boron into important reagents in organic synthesis. School, advanced several times, graduating at 12; refused further advancement, avoiding being sister’s classmate.
Graduating, Depression years, future wife Sarah gave him gift, Stock’s ‘Hydrides of Boron and Silicon’ because cheapest chemistry book! Led to Nobel Prize!
Daniel M. Nathans M.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978
Nobel co-recipients Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith
National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1993
Physician, Molecular Biologist – Genetics. Restriction enzymes and their application to molecular genetics. Groundwork for human genome project, drug insulin. Able administrator – high signal-to-noise ratio.
“Valuable internship year in medicine with masterful clinician Robert Loeb; The glimpses of human strength and frailty that a physician sees are still with me.”
Howard M. Temin Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975
Nobel Co-recipients David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco
National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1992
Virologist. Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of cell. DNA provirus and RNA-directed DNA synthesis. Reverse Transcriptase. Intellectually courageous. Civic minded.
How fortunate to live in a country at a time and in a social class that has enabled us to realize our potential. Not been possible for many.
Painting: Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Paul J. Flory Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974
National Medal of Sciences – Physical Sciences 1974
Award: “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”
Stanford Moore Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972
Co-nobelist Christian Anfinsen, William H. Stein
Award: “for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”
Julius Axelrod Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970
Co-Nobelists Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler1
Pharmacologist. Neurophysiologist. Mechanism for storage, release, inactivation of humoral transmitters in nerve endings. Discovered drug metabolic pathways: hydroxylation, demethylation, deamination, conjugation. Led to liver’s microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes discovery. Pheochromocytoma. Carboxylmethyl transferase. Melatonin.
Ideal mentor. Infectious exhilaration in discovery. Research was genuine fun. Students came out of lab with same attitude.
Robert W. Holley, Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968
Nobel co-recipients: H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Organic Chemist. ‘Interpreted genetic code and its function in protein synthesis’ First chemical synthesis of penicillin. Research: amino acids, peptides, protein biosynthesis. Discovered and isolated tRNA [transfer RNA] – alanine transfer RNA.
Wikipedia. Painting Tim
Tompkins PaintHistory.com
Luis Alvarez Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968
Award: “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”
George Wald Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967
Co-Nobalists Ragnar Granit, Haldan Hartline
Zoologist. Visual physiologist. Visual pigment molecules are protein bound to derivative of vitamin A. Excellent teacher. Political actions part of biologist: one who is concerned with life.
“Selig Hecht was great teacher, physiologist. After leaving his laboratory, I felt his presence. What I did, said, wrote, was addressed to him.”
Painthistory.com .
Hans Bethe Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967
Award: “for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”
Painting Tim Tompkins –
PaintHistory.com
Robert B. Woodward Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965
National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1964
Award: “for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis”
Julian Schwinger Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965
National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1964
Nobel co-recipients Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Richard P. Feynman
Award: “for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”
painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Eugene Wigner Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963
The President’s National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1968
Nobel co-recipients Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
Award: “for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles”
Tompkins PaintHistory.com
Robert Hofstadter Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1961
National Medal of Science – Physical Science 1986
Nobel co-recipient Rudolf Mössbauer
Nuclear and particle physicist. Discoverer of sodium iodide scintillation counters. Carried out electron scattering from atomic nuclei, revealing structure of nuclei and nucleons. Original proposer of two-mile SLAC linear accelerator. Pioneer of gamma-ray astronomy, using EGRET detector aboard the Compton observatory. Research in laser fusion, applications of physics to medicine.
Joshua Lederberg Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958
Nobel co-recipients George Beadle, Edward Tatum
National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1989
Geneticist. Genetic recombination and organization of genetic material of bacteria. Artificial intelligence. NASA seeking life on Mars. Fastest rate possible for growth of bacterial cell and why. Nobel Prize at age 33
At Nobel Banquet, “Pride is humbled as humility is exalted in the dignity and splendor of this occasion.”
Painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Walter Brattain Ph.D.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1956
Co-Nobelists: William B. Shockley, John Bardeen
Award: “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”
PaintHistory.com
Vincent du Vigneaud Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955
Award: “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”
Wiki. Painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Linus Pauling Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954
The Nobel Peace Prize 1962
National Medal of Sciences – Physical Sciences 1974
Award: “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.”
Also awarded Nobel Peace Prize 1962. As of Sept. 2019, only four persons and two organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize multiple times.
Selman A. Waksman
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952
Ukrainian-born American Microbiologist, Biochemist. Isolated several antibiotics including Streptomycin for Tuberculosis and Neomycin. Proceeds earned from patents funded Waksman Institute of Microbiology and Waksman Foundation for Microbiology.
“The Lord hath created medicines out of the earth; and he that is wise will not abhor them. Ecclesiasticus, XXXVIII , 4”
PaintHistory.com
Glenn T. Seaborg Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951
National Medal of Science – Chemistry 1991
Nobel co-recipient: Edwin M. McMillan
Nuclear Chemist. Transuranium – Plutonium. Isotopes identification. Actinide concept. Atomic Bomb. Peaceful use of atomic energy. Advisor to 10 US Presidents. Swedish ancestry. Journal since age 8 yrs. Hiking.
Franck Report: “I had joined a committee of scientists who advocated the use of the atomic bomb for demonstration purposes. We hoped the enemy would see the destructive power of this weapon and immediately surrender. In June, 1945, we attempted to deliver our plan, the Franck Report, to President Truman. I don’t know if he ever saw our work…”
Painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Ernest Walton
Nobel Prize in Physics 1951
Nobel co-recipient: John Cockcroft
“for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles.”
Painting Tim Tompkins –
PaintHistory.com
Edwin M. McMillan Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951
National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1990
Nobel co-recipient: Glenn T. Seaborg
Award: “for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”
Edward Calvin Kendall Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950
Nobel Co-recipients Tadeus Reichstein, Phillip S.Hench
Chemist. Adrenal cortex hormones including cortisone: structure, biological effects. Thyroid hormone thyroxine: isolated. Glutathione: crystallized, established structure.
What physiologic processes are modified by cortisone and how this influence is exerted are matters still locked within this hormone. Said Shakespeare’s soothsayer, “In Nature’s infinite book of secrecy a little I can read.”
William F. Giauque Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948
Award: “for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures”
Painting Tim Tompkins –
PaintHistory.com
Percy Bridgman Ph.D.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1946
Award: “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics
Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com
John Northrop Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946
Co-Nobelists James B. Sumner, Wendell M. Stanley
Award: “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”
domain/Wikipedia
Otto Stern Ph.D.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1943
Award: “for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”
Painting – Tom Tompkins –
PaintHistory.com
Clinton Davisson Ph.D.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1937
Co-nobelist George Paget Thomson
Award: “for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”
PaintHistory.com
Harold C. Urey Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934
National Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1964
Award: “for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”
Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com
Irving Langmuir Ph.D.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932
Award: “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”
Painting Tim Tompkins
PaintHistory.com
Robert A. Millikan Ph.D.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1923
Award: “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”